Knohl, “Gabriel’s Revelation” Tablet, and the Resurrection

gabrielsvision2.jpgI just came home from the lake and noticed that many news sources are carrying a story about a paper that Professor Israel Knohl presented at an Israel Museum conference on his interpretation of the so-called “Gabriel’s Revelation” tablet. Knohl argues that the best reading of line 80 of the text is “In three days you shall live, I Gabriel, command you”, and that this text is a pre-Christian reference to the death and resurrection of a Jewish leader.

The tablet was actually discovered a decade ago and has been dated by paleography to the end of the first century B.C.E. The provenance of the tablet is unfortunately unknown since it was purchased from an antiquities dealer. It is claimed it was found near the Dead Sea.

Here is an excerpt from the news story from The Independent:

Using other lines in the text that refer to blood and slaughter as routes to righteousness, along with the overall context of the Jewish revolt against the Romans at the time, Professor Knohl suggests that it refers to the death and resurrection of a Jewish leader.

The tablet, known as Gabriel’s Vision of Revelations because it contains an apocalyptic text ascribed to the angel, has attracted the intense interest of scholars. It came to light after it was bought from a Jordanian antiquities dealer by an Israeli-Swiss collector, David Jeselsohn, who kept it in his Zurich home. The location of the original discovery is not clear, though it may have been in Jordan on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea.

Two Israeli scholars, Ada Yardeni and Binyamin Elitzur, published a detailed analysis of the Hebrew script, which is written rather than engraved in the stone, last year, dating it towards the end of the first century BC. But when it came to the crucial line 80 in the script, which clearly begins “in three days”, the scholars concluded that the next word was illegible.

Professor Knohl argues that the word is “Hayeh” or “live” in the imperative. He goes on to outline his conjecture that the messianic figure could be a rebel leader against the Roman-backed monarchy of Herod named Shimon, who the historian Josephus says was killed by one of Herod’s military commanders.

He will claim today that the interpretation vindicates a theory which he had already expounded in a book in 2000, namely that the idea of a suffering messiah existed before Jesus.

Claiming that the idea that Jesus died to redeem the sins of all mankind was in large part generated by St Paul, who wanted Jesus to be a messiah “of the gentiles”, he said yesterday that the earlier Jewish tradition would have seen his death as necessary “to cause God to defeat the enemy, to liberate Jerusalem from the Roman occupation”. He added: “He was fighting for the liberty of the Jewish people. That is how I see it.”

Not all scholars at today’s conference are likely to be convinced, however. Professor Lawrence Schiffman, Professor of Hebrew and Judaic Studies at New York University, said that a single detail of a “phenomenal” text was being used to create a “media experience”.

gabrielsvision1.jpg

I have not read the article by Yardeni and Elitzur, nor have I seen the tablet (or a picture or transcription of it), so I can’t really comment on whether Knohl’s reading is plausible. What I can say is that this reading, if correct, does nothing to diminish the Christian belief in the resurrection of Jesus. If anything, this reading only shows once again that the early church is clearly rooted in the first century Jewish community.

UPDATE: BAR has a special news report that includes the article Yardeni published in the January/February 2008 issue of BAR (“A New Dead Sea Scroll in Stone?”) as well as her transcription of the Hebrew text and English translation.


Biblical Studies Carnival XXX

Ahem, a funny thing happened on the way to the carnival… I stopped by a garage sale and then got bogged down with the selling of my Mom’s house and various administrivia related to my paid employment (unfortunately, and perhaps surprising to some, blogging is at the lower end of the list of priorities — just ask my wife! -)). And when I did do some work on the carnival, I was reminded about all of the work it takes to put one together since hardly anyone submitted blog posts for it (which is regular problem which we really have to remedy). At any rate, I am heading out for holidays in a couple hours and knew that if I didn’t get the carnival finished today, it wasn’t going to get finished (and that would not be a good thing). So without further ado (!), here is the Biblical Studies Carnival XXX in all its glory…

The month of May was busy as far as biblical studies in the blogosphere goes. There were a number of interesting posts as well as some engaging discussions.

We’ll start the tour with some techie stuff. Tim Bulkeley of SansBlogue fame had an interesting post on how to add a daily audio Bible chapter to your WordPress blog. This is pretty cool; what would be even more cool is if you could do it in the original languages (I imagine it is possible since it is based on MP3 files).

Moving from the techie to the linguistic, C. Jay Crisostomo over at MU-PA D-DA started a series on linguistics in biblical studies, ancient near eastern studies, and classics. The first post in the series may be found here, while you can see the entire series (which is ongoing) by following this link.

In the area of the ancient Near East, Alan Lenzi at Bible and Ancient Near East blogspot did a nice little post on the reading of the Ludlul Tablet 1, Line 110.

In the field of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament there were a number of interesting posts. First up, and in honour of Mother’s Day, Claude Mariottini had a couple posts at his eponymous blog. He started it out with his The Sons of Rizpah: Reflections on a Mother’s Love and then followed it up with a few posts on the biblical motif of a mother of seven. He first looks at the reference to the mother of seven mentioned in Jeremiah 15 and other biblical texts and followed it up with a look at the reference to a mother’s seven martyred sons in 2 Maccabees 7:1-40. Duane over at Abnormal Interests also posted on this theme with his abnormal post, Enkidu, Jeremiah, and the Mother of Seven. Duane suggests an allusion between the harlot in Gilgamesh (Tablet VII iv:10) with the woman in Jeremiah 15:5-9. Any takers?

Chris Heard and John Hobbins had an interesting back-and-forth about John Walton’s functional understanding of the first creation story in Genesis chapter one. Chris started the conversation with his Genesis 1: functions and structures post, while John responded with Genesis 1 is also about making things: John Walton’s thesis revisited. Chris then looked further at the Hebrew verb bara in Genesis one, while John Walton himself had earlier written a fuller discussion of his views over at Hobbin’s blog. (I’m also not sure I can entirely buy Walton’s argument.)

Danny over at Samson Blinded has an interesting discussion of lex talionis in his post, An eye for an eye doctrine in the Hebrew Bible. Based on Exodus 21:22-24, Danny argues that the “eye for an eye” retaliation in Hebrew law applies only to harming the pregnant women. In an interesting move, he further argues that the Exodus law is a later narrowing of the broader application of lex talionis found in Lev 24:19-20 (“Anyone who maims another shall suffer the same injury in return: fracture for fracture, eye for eye, tooth for tooth; the injury inflicted is the injury to be suffered” NRSV). Most would argue the opposite; the Priestly laws are more than likely later than those found in the Book of the Covenant. Either way, it is an interesting post.

Moving to the prophets, Stephen Cook has an engaging post, Interpreting Zechariah through Art over at Biblische Ausbildung. The post is based on the work of one of his students in his spring seminar on the Prophets. It reminds me of an excellent paper one of my students did on the portrayal of King David in art history.

In connection with the Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures, the Septuagint, Richard Anderson over at dokeo kago grapho soi kratistos Theophilos was on a bit of a LXX kick in May. He uploaded a number of posts on the significance of the LXX for early Christianity. His first post, The Role of the Septuagint provided a general introduction to the LXX. He followed it up with a short post on The Role of the Septuagint in Redemptive Almsgiving that sets the trajectory for his other posts: The Role of the LXX in the Theology of the Early Church and a final post teasing out the Implications of the role of the Septuagint with respect to the notion of redemptive almsgiving.

There was a little debate among Loren Rossen, Mark Goodacre, and April DeConick, among others, surrounding the nature of oral vs. literate culture in antiquity. Way back when Loren Rosson over at The Busybody, posted “Back to Oral Culture: The World of Hypertext and recently followed it up with Back to an Oral Culture (II) in response to posts by Mark Goodacre and April DeConick. Mark Goodacre over at NT Gateway Weblog thinks contrasts between literate and oral cultures are exaggerated, while April DeConick seems to think otherwise in her post, What is Orality?, over at The Forbidden Gospels Blog. The debate continued with a number of other posts, including Judy Redman’s useful contribution Orality and Literacy. Mark’s posts may be found here, while April’s may be found by following this link.

There were a number of posts in the area of New Testament/Early Christianity in the month of May.

There was an impressive series of posts by Thom Stark on Hidden Transcripts in Romans 13:1-7 over at semper reformanda. The series of posts started in April and finished in May. An index to all the posts may be found here.

Bill Heroman over at the Bible/History Blog uploaded a two-part series on Paul, Aretas & Damascus, over at his . His first post, Aretas and Damascus – Discussion looks at Bowersock’s discussion of Paul and Aretas in his 1983 book, Roman Arabia, while his second post, Paul Fled Damascus Twice! is a fictionalized reconstruction of Paul’s second flight from Damascus, in which men from the Damascene church successfully repeated a previous tactic – the basket over the wall trick! As an illustrative exercise, the imagined dialogue between Paul and Ananias weaves together historical detail reviewed in Post 1, showing connections with scriptural events. An expository section follows discussing the logic of blending the various accounts (from Acts, Galatians & II Corinthians) without assuming similar details are non-independent events.

Rick Brannan (aka “Rico”) posted a review of David Scholer’s Social Distinctives of Christians in the First Century: Pivotal Essays by E.A. Judge over at ricoblog. He also uploaded a series of posts on instances of non-negative αλλα. See his posts, αλλα in MT 9.18 (and parallels), αλλα in 1Pe 3.16 and his The Symbol of Chalcedon: On the Difference Between αλλα and δε..

Rick was also busy over at his PastoralEpistles.com site with posts on Reconciling 1Ti 4.3 and 1Ti 3.2 and Westcott & Hort Outline First Timothy.

James McGrath published a number of interesting posts over at his Exploring Our Matrix blog, including Sticking Up For The Sadducees, Apprehending Jesus’ Apprehension, and Jesus: Of the Line of David?.

Wrapping up biblical studies, Alan Lenzi wrote an interesting article on the writing of commentaries, Writing Commentaries and the Life of a Biblical Scholar.

More in the are of theology, Nick Norelli uploaded a multi-part review of the book Jesus in Trinitarian Perspective: An Introductory Christology. The index to his review may be found here over at Rightly Dividing the Word of Truth.

Finally, on the lighter side, Jim Davila had a review of the new Indian Jones film over at paleojudaica. While it was posted in June, you should also make sure to check out Scott Bailey‘s post BS Carnival XXX: Triple the BS (and yes, he is one of my students).

The next Biblical Studies Carnival will be hosted by James R. Getz over at his Ketuvim blog, and should be coming in the next day or two (and I assume he will be far more prompt than I!)


Biblical Studies Carnival Reminder

This is just a reminder to send me nominations for the next Biblical Studies Carnival to be hosted here at Codex at the beginning of June 2008. If my counting is right, it will be the thirtieth Biblical Studies Carnival — which I think is quite impressive! (note how I wrote out 30th; writing it out in roman numerals — XXX — may mislead readers as to what sort of carnival I am hosting!)

If you haven’t already done so (and some of you have), please nominate some posts for the next Carnival. As I said before, the Carnival isn’t a popularity contest or an award for brilliance; rather, it is a service to readers who do not have the time to sift through the numerous posts in the area of academic biblical studies each month. It is also a great way to expand your readership — and let’s be honest, if you weren’t interested in readers, then why the heck are you blogging in the first place?!

You can submit/nominate posts via the submission form at BlogCarnival.com or you may email them to biblical_studies_carnival AT hotmail DOT com.

For more information, please consult the Biblical Studies Carnival Homepage.


Biblical Studies Carnival XXIX

Jim West has uploaded the twenty-ninth edition of the Biblical Studies Carnival over at his eponymous blog Dr. Jim West. Jim has done an great job covering the best biblical studies posts from the month of April 2008. Well done, Jim.

Next up for the Biblical Studies Carnival is yours truly here at Codex. I figure it was time I planned to do a carnival again (rather than try to pull one together last minute). So as you read good posts this month, please nominate them for the carnival. In addition, please nominate your own posts. The Carnival isn’t a popularity contest or an award for brilliance; rather, it is a service to readers who do not have the time to sift through the numerous posts in the area of biblical studies each month. It is also a great way to expand your readership — and let’s be honest, if you weren’t interested in readers, then why the heck are you blogging in the first place?!

You can submit/nominate posts via the submission form at BlogCarnival.com or you may email them to biblical_studies_carnival AT hotmail DOT com.

For more information, please consult the Biblical Studies Carnival Homepage.


Blogging the SBL Annual Meeting – Proposals & Prospects

The editor of the SBL Forum, Leonard Greenspoon, has asked for my input in how best to blog the coming annual meeting of the Society of Biblical Literature to be held in Boston, Massachusetts, in November 2008. I have a number of ideas, though I thought it would be good to propose some ideas and then open up discussion from other bibliobloggers. Here are my ideas:

  • First, the goal shouldn’t be to blog the entire meeting. That, obviously, would be a bit too much. I would think that all of the major presentations should be covered (e.g., the presidential address) as well as some of the more controversial papers. In addition, some editorial pieces may be worthwhile, especially since this will be the first SBL without the AAR.
  • Second, in addition to the type of posts noted in the first point, the SBL Meeting Blog should also serve as an ongoing “carnival-like” repository of links to SBL-related discussions going on in the blogosphere. Thus, someone could keep and eye out and put together a daily round-up of links. Even better, bloggers could be asked to email a trackback url to the editor of the SBL Meeting Blog when a relevant post is uploaded.
  • Third, perhaps a regular podcast from the SBL meeting could be arranged and distributed via the SBL Meeting Blog. This could include interviews with some SBL bigwigs, discussion of controversial papers, or just general impressions of the meeting.

If these are the sort of things the SBL Meeting Blog would cover, then the blog would need to be a team blog with different disciplines represented and perhaps an overal editor/organizer. Then we could assign certain bloggers to cover certain papers and topics, etc. Of course there would have to be some technical details worked out; first and foremost the question of where the blog would be located and what blogging platform would be used (WordPress is my vote). Leonard wants this as part of the SBL Forum, though I am not sure if their server has blogging software capability (I assume it probably does, though I am not sure if it is a unix based server or not).

At any rate, those are some of my ideas. I now open up the comments for a discussion on how best to blog the SBL annual meeting. What say you?


Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography

horowitz_cosmic.jpgI want to put a plug in for a book that I ordered for our library when I was doing my “Creation in Ancient Mesopotamia” series last spring, but I have just had a chance to look at it now that classes are finished. The book is Wayne Horowitz, Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography (Eisenbrauns, 1998; Buy from Amazon.ca or Amazon.com or Eisenbrauns).

This is an excellent discussion of the ancient texts that relate to how the Mesopotamians viewed the cosmos. It discusses a number of different Sumerian and Akkadian sources for Mesopotamian cosmic geography, including the Mappi Mundi, the Sargon Geography, Gilgamesh, Enuma Elish, among others. Then he surveys the different regions of the universe according to Mesopotamian thought.

All in all this is a great resource, though it ends somewhat abruptly. It would have been great to have a concluding chapter that synthesizes his findings and even to relate it to the Israelite conception of cosmic geography for us biblical scholars.


Exiled Gods in the ANE and the Bible

The “Concept of Exile in Ancient Israel and its Contexts” workshop was held two weeks ago at the University of Alberta. Due to teaching and administrative responsibilities, I wasn’t able to attend much of the workshop, though I was able to catch the papers on one day and have lunch and dinner with the participants. It was great to meet everyone and talk some shop with them and get to know them a bit personally.

Exile and Ideology

One of the papers that piqued my interest was Martti Nissinen‘s “The Exiled Gods of Bablyon in Neo-Assyrian Prophecy.” In his paper, Martti examined an incident in Assyrian and Babylonian history when the Assyrian king Sennacherib razed the city of Babylon and deported its gods in 689 BCE. The deportation and/or destruction of a defeated nation’s gods (i.e., the statues) was a standard practice for the Assyrians (and other ancient peoples) and was considered an unambiguous sign of humiliation and demonstration of the power of the victorious monarch and his gods. What is particularly interesting is how the event was understood by each nation. Obviously the victorious nation interpreted the events as vindication of the superiority of their king and gods. More interesting is how the defeated nation understood the calamity ideologically. More often than not, the defeated nation would interpret the defeat and deportation of their gods as a sign that their gods were angry with them — not that the other nation’s gods were stronger.

There are many examples of this sort of ideological interpretation from the ANE as well as the Bible — here I am thinking of the capture of the ark of the covenant by the Philistines (1Sam 4-5) or, of course, Assyria’s destruction of the Northern Kingdom of Israel and Babylonia’s destruction and subsequent exile of Southern Judah. In both cases the biblical authors interpreted the defeat as Yahweh’s anger toward his unfaithful people, not the superiority of Assyria’s or Babylonia’s deities.

Divine Alienation — Divine Reconciliation

Nissinen continued his analysis of the deportation of Babylon’s gods to when the Assyrian king Esarhaddon, Sennacherib’s son, returned the gods to Babylon and rebuilt its temples in response to prophecy. In particular, Nissinen appealed to the prophecy of one La-dagil-ili which was spoken in Esarhaddon’s first regnal year:

Take to heart these words of mine from Arbela:
The gods of Esaggil are languishing in an evil, chaotic wilderness.
Let two burnt offerings be sent before them at once;
Let your greeting of peace be pronounced to them (SAA 9 2.3 ii 22-27).

Esarhaddon evidently took these words seriously and, based on the historical sources we have, concerned himself with the rebuilding of Babylon and restoring its gods. Esarhaddon’s move was not just political, it was theological. Restoring the gods to Babylon, according to Nissinen, not only quelled the anger of the Babylonian gods, but more importantly reestablished order in the cosmos. This divine alienation—divine reconciliation pattern is also found throughout the ANE and even in the Bible (e.g., Cyrus’s edict to allow the return and restoration of the Jerusalem temple).

Ideology, History, and Prophecy

The ideas in Nissinen’s paper highlight an aspect of ANE historiography which we need to recognize in the Hebrew Bible. All ancient historiography (and perhaps all modern) is ideological. That is, it is written from the viewpoint of a faith in Yahweh who is active in the history of Israel. Yahweh’s supremacy is never doubted. If Israel is defeated, it is because of their unfaithfulness. If another nation defeats them, Yahweh is using that other nation to discipline his people. All of this is also true of Israelite prophecy.

This underscores the reality that all historiography (and prophecy) is interpretive. It highlights that the historical and prophetic writings of the Hebrew Bible are part and parcel of the ancient Near East and we shouldn’t be surprised that they reflect the literary practices and genres of the ancient world — perhaps much to the dismay of some evangelicals (this is one of the points Peter Enns makes in his Inspiration and Incarnation: Evangelicals and the Problem of the Old Testament (Baker Academic, 2005; Buy from Amazon.ca or Amazon.com).

Resources

Martti Nissinen is Professor of Old Testament at the University of Helsinki, Finland. Many of the texts he referred to in his presentation are from his book, Prophets and Prophecy in the Ancient Near East (Writings from the Ancient World; Society of Biblical Literature, 2003; Buy from Amazon.ca or Amazon.com). He has also published Homoeroticism in the Biblical World: A Historical Perspective (Augsburg Fortress, 2004; Buy from Amazon.ca or Amazon.com).


U2 3D… 2COOL!

OK, instead of marking tests tonight I went to go see U2 3D (Catherine Owens and Mark Pellington, 2007; IMDb). I know I lamented that U2 3D wasn’t going to show in Edmonton — and it wasn’t. In part because of the backlash surrounding the fact U2 3D wasn’t going to show (and some local radio stations making some noise), a couple of the larger theater complexes in Edmonton added the necessary 3D projection equipment.

I thought the film was excellent. No narrative, interviews, or other distractions — just U2. It was almost like being there (though I think they could have cranked the volume a bit more at the theater).

Now I have to get back to marking… and guess what music I will be blasting as I do?


Busy Marking…

OK, that’s irritating. I am in the middle of marking and decided to write a quick post to update everyone on some posts I am working on connected with the exile workshop at the University of Alberta last week, the book of Job, and the state of evangelical biblical scholarship (e.g., the Enns controversy and Kenton Sparks’ new book). I go to publish the post and there is a database error of some sort and I loose it. Blah!

At any rate, my original post was far more polished than this one! Now, back to marking papers…