A couple years back I put together a summary of Hermann Gunkel‘s form critical classification of the Psalms for one of my classes. I posted the summary on my blog and made a handout available on my website.
Since then Bio Nascimento has translated the handout into Portuguese (with my permission). I don’t know how many readers I have that read Portuguese, but I figured I would make the translated handout available, so here it is:
Many thanks to Bio for his work on translating this.
I preached a two-part sermon series a few weeks ago about the importance of thinking Christianly. Now I am well aware that there are some who think that putting “Christian” and “thinking” in the same phrase is an oxymoron, but I will not address those concerns here. Basically my sermons were reflections on what it may look like for someone to “Love the Lord your God… with all of your MIND…” (Mark 12:30).
In the second sermon I painted a profile of what I believe are some important characteristics of an “intellectually mature believer.” First and foremost, I underscored the importance of “epistemic humility” based on our fallenness, fallibility and finitude. The second characteristic was openness. More particularly, I emphasized the importance of openness to God and Scripture, openness to all truth (no matter where it may be found), and a genuine openness to others. By openness I do not mean a wishy-washy relativism, but something called “critical commitment” where you know what you believe and why and hold it with faith, moral courage, and epistemic humility. My final characteristic of an intellectually mature believer was that he or she should have as a goal integration. Here I was arguing for a somewhat unified/integrated Christian perspective on the world and our faith (I consider the modifier “somewhat” very important). This “unified view” is often referred to as a “worldview” or “world and life view.” While there are a number of limitations to the concept of a worldview (especially the notion that there is such an animal as “the Christian worldview” or that worldviews are somehow impervious to culture rather than embedded in culture), I still find it a helpful concept for thinking about thinking.
In this regard, I was quite interested in a notice I received today about a new book by Calvin College philosopher, . The book is Desiring the Kingdom: Worship, Worldview, and Cultural Formation (Baker Academic, 2009; Buy from Amazon.ca | Amazon.com). The latest Christianity Today has a brief review article on the book entitled, “Putting Worldview in Its Place.” The book looks like a balanced perspective on worldview and Christian education. Methinks I will have to order myself a copy.
I have posted some additional information for future hosts of the Biblical Studies Carnival over at the Carnival homepage. I have hosts into next year, but if you still want to volunteer, please leave a comment and I’ll slot you in.
I have two items of business for the Biblical Studies Carnival to take care of:
First, just a reminder to nominate some posts for the next carnival, which will be hosted by my former student, MA student, and new blogger, Michael Kok over at his blog, The Golden Rule. Biblical Studies Carnival XLV will feature posts on the topic of academic biblical studies written in the month of August, 2009, and should be online sometime in the first week of September 2009.
In order to save the host considerable work, please nominate some posts today (and tomorrow, the next day, and the day after that…) It’s really easy. You have two options:
The October Carnival will be hosted over at Daniel & Tonya’s, Hebrew and Greek Reader. After that the schedule is pretty much wide open, so send me an email and let me know what month you would like to host (give me a couple options so I can work out a schedule). I will give preference to first time hosts, women bibliobloggers, and people who have the same views as I do except if they have eponymous blogs and like Zwingli! 😉
For more information, please see the spiffy new Biblical Studies Carnival Homepage.
I just returned from a nice long weekend away with the family. This was one of our annual trips that with a couple other families. We took the kids tubing at the lake, went ATV-ing, sat around the campfire and played various games. All in all it was a great weekend. Another regular part of this weekend is that the guys head out early one morning for a round of golf. I enjoy golf, although I am not very good at it and I only seem to get out half a dozen times a year. I had one of the best games in years earlier this summer when I shot a 47 (on 9 holes) on a father’s day outing.
This last weekend we teed off Sunday morning for our annual game. It was an absolutely beautiful morning and the course was in superb condition. I was looking forward to this round since I have been playing pretty good this summer so far. The one downer was that I didn’t bring my own clubs (which are nothing special, but I am used to them), due to a miscommunication about whether or not we were playing. So I had rentals, which I usually don’t mind since they give me a chance to try out a newer set of clubs.
Then it started. Third off the tee box. I lined up with my rented driver and swung and heard a nice smack and watched the ball sail at least 250 yards… right into the trees, never to return. The cause: a magnificent slice. Something I hadn’t done for most of the summer. I decide to take a mulligan since I have to get used to the rentals. A second swing. An impressive smack. And I again watched my ball turn a right angle into the forest. I decide to place a ball where it went out and started walking down the fairway enjoying the beautiful weather with my mind still in the game. I drop a ball at the appropriate spot, take out my 4 iron, and duff it. By the time I get to the green I am already sitting six and then proceed to three putt it.
I won’t describe any more of my game, except to say that I had pretty much my worst game in a long time. I was slicing. I was topping balls. I was hitting the sand traps. I was not having a good game.
Around the 6th hole my mind turned to Scripture. More specifically my mind turned to the book of Ecclesiastes (Qohelet in the Hebrew Bible). “All is vanity/meaningless”; or as I prefer to translate hebel, “All is absurd.” I thought of the absurdity of ruining a perfectly good walk through God’s beautiful creation by trying to hit a stupid white ball into a hole hundreds of yards away with only a club. Throughout the rest of the game I thought of other lines from Ecclesiastes:
What do people gain from all the toil at which they toil under the sun [chasing a stupid white ball]? (Eccl 1:3)
All is absurd and a chasing after [stupid white balls] (Eccl 1:14)
A time to [hit balls] away [into the rough], and a time to look for [stupid white balls] in the rough (Eccl 3:5)
Cast your [balls] upon the water [hazard], for after many days you will get it back [yeah, right!] (Eccl 11:1)
I still like golf, although any delusions I had that my game was getting better were dashed this last Sunday. In this respect, golf is very much like the book of Ecclesiastes. A peruse through Ecclesiastes also dashes any illusions that we are in control of our lives; that what we do in this fallen hebel world will always go according to our best laid plans. I like the way Eugene Peterson described the book of Ecclesiastes:
[It is] a John the Baptist kind of book. It functions not as a meal but as a bath. It is not nourishment; it is cleansing. It is repentance. It is purging. [We] read Ecclesiastes to get scrubbed clean from illusion and sentiment, from ideas that are idolatrous and feelings that are cloy. It is an exposé and rejection of every pretentious and presumptuous expectation aimed at God (Five Smooth Stones for Pastoral Work, pp. 155-156).
That, my dear reader, is also the function of the game of golf.
As I mentioned in my previous posts on Psalm 151 in the Biblical Tradition, there is significant debate on the relationship between the Septuagint Psalm 151 and the version of the Psalm found in the Qumran Psalms scroll (11Q5 Psalm 151A and B).
The editor of 11Q5 Psalm 151A and B, James Sanders, argues that 11QPsa 151A and B, while related to, are not identical with the Vorlage of LXX Ps 151. He further argues that “there can be no hesitancy whatever in affirming that 11QPs 151 is the original psalm” (The Psalms Scroll of Qumrân Cave 11 (11QPsa); DJD 4 [Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965; buy from Amazon.com], 60), and that the LXX Psalm is a later translation of an “amalgam” of the Qumran originals (63). Most (but not all) scholars have followed Sanders in his reconstruction of the relationship between the Greek and Hebrew versions of Psalm 151. Peter Flint considers the Greek version a “transformation of two separate psalms into a single piece” (“Apocryphal Psalms,” Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls [2 volumes; Oxford University Press, 2000; buy from Amazon.ca | Amazon.com. ], 2:708), while his Dead Sea Scrolls Bible (HarperCollins, 1999; buy from Amazon.ca | Amazon.com) also popularizes Sanders’s view:
The text found in 11QPs-a represents the original Hebrew with two originally separate Psalms, which the Greek translator has reworked and synthesized into a single Psalm (p. 585).
Beyond the question of the relationship between these psalms, Sanders has little good to say about LXX Psalm 151. He calls it “meaningless” (DJD, p. 60), and maintains that without the background provided in Psalm 151A, the LXX psalm “makes little or no sense at all” (p. 59). Furthermore, he argues that the individual who brought together the Vorlage of LXX Psalm 151 destroyed “the beauty and integrity of the original” and “sacrificed not only the artistry but also the sense of the one, and probably as well of the other” (p. 63). In his popular work, The Dead Sea Psalms Scroll (Cornell University Press, 1967; buy from Amazon.ca | Amazon.com), Sanders further refers to the Greek version of Psalm 151 as “nearly meaningless” (p. 94) and “comparatively ridiculous” (p. 95). Sanders is not alone in his low opinion of the Septuagint Psalm 151. For instance, Strugnell echoes Sanders when he describes it as “largely meaningless” (“Notes on the Text,” 259), while Meyer considered it a “dogmatic correction” of a rustic psalm (“Die Septuaginta-Fassung von Psalm 151:1-5,” 172).
While I agree that the Qumran psalms are related to the Vorlage of LXX Psalm 151, there are significant differences between the texts that indicate that their relationship is not so simple, and that the texts are more dissimilar than even Sanders admits. In fact, I think – in line with the works of Haran, Smith, Segal, and most recently Debel (in part) – that it is more plausible that the Qumran psalm(s) are a later reworking of the shorter Hebrew Vorlage of LXX Psalm 151. Furthermore, in contrast to Sanders, I will argue that LXX Psalm 151 is a coherent text in and of itself, and that it doesn’t need 151A/B to make sense of it. In this regard I argue that while LXX Psalm 151 is shorter, it is in fact a well-constructed midrash on 1 Samuel 16-17.
In fact, I would argue that reading LXX Psalm 151 in the light of the Qumran psalms actually hampers our understanding of it, since the later Qumran versions take the psalm in a slightly different direction. In a recent article, Segal (“Literary Development,” Textus 21[2002], 143), has made the bold claim that
the bias towards the Hebrew version of the psalm has resulted in a skewed view of the meaning of the Greek edition, as all scholars have assumed that this shorter poem [i.e., the LXX] necessarily addresses the same topics as the longer version.
While Segal overstates the case, I concur with his evaluation. In my next post I will explore in more detail the relationship between the Greek and Hebrew versions of this psalm.
As mentioned in my previour post on Septuagint Psalm 151 (first installment in my series on Psalm 151 in the Biblical Tradition), the discovery of Hebrew psalms clearly related to the Septuagint Psalm 151 created quite a stir among biblical scholars. Prior to the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Psalm 151 was only know to us from its Greek and Syriac versions. At the beginning of the last century Septuagint scholar Henry B. Swete noted that “there is no evidence that it [Ps 151] ever existed in Hebrew” (Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek [Hendrickson, 1989], p. 253; buy from Amazon.ca | Amazon.com), and in the 1930s Martin Noth “expressed doubts” about a Hebrew original to LXX Psalm 151 in his study of the five Apocryphal psalms and did not bother to provide a Hebrew retroversion of Psalm 151 in that study.
It was not until the discovery among the Dead Sea Scrolls of the so-called “Qumran Psalms Scroll” (11QPs-a or 11Q5; see my Scroll Introduction) that contained two Psalms (Ps 151A and B) that were clearly parallel with the LXX 151, that scholars universally recognized that LXX Psalm 151 had a Hebrew Vorlage (i.e., a Hebrew original), though the precise relationship between LXX Psalm 151 and 11Q5 Psalm 151 remained under debate.
Before we discuss the nature of the relationship between the Greek LXX Psalm 151 and the Hebrew 11Q5 Psalms 151A and 151B, it would do us well to carefully examine the psalms in question. I have already provided a translation of LXX Psalm 151 in my previous post; here I provide a translation of Psalm 151A and B as found in column 28 of 11Q5:
|
11Q5 Ps 151A-B |
11Q5 Ps 151A & B | |
| 3 |
הללויה לדויד בן ישי |
A Hallelujah of David son of Jesse. |
|
קטן הייתי מןאחי |
Smaller was I than my brothers | |
|
וצעיר מבני אבי |
And the youngest of the sons of my father | |
| 4 |
וישימני רועה לצונו |
And he made me shepherd of his flock |
|
ומושל בגדיותיו |
And ruler over his kids | |
|
ידי עשו עוגב |
My hands made a (musical) instrument | |
|
ואצבעותי כנור |
And my fingers a lyre | |
| 5 |
ואשימה ליהוה כבוד |
And I rendered glory to the Lord |
|
אמרתי אני בנפשי |
I said within myself | |
|
ההרים לוא יעדו לו |
The mountains do not witness to him, | |
| 6 |
והגבעות לוא יגידו |
Nor do the hills declare; |
|
עלו֯ העצים את דברי֯ |
The trees have cherished my words | |
|
והצואן את מעשי֯ |
And the flock my works. | |
| 7 |
כי מי יגדי ומי ידבר |
For who can declare and who can speak, |
|
ומי יספר את מעשי֯ אדון |
And who can recount the works of the Lord? | |
|
הכול ראה אלוה |
Everything has God seen, | |
| 8 |
הכול הוא שמע |
everything has he heard, |
|
והוא האזין |
and he has heeded. | |
|
שלח נביאו למושחני |
He sent his prophet to annoint me, | |
| 9 |
את שמואל לגדלני |
Samuel, to make me great |
|
יצאו אחי לקראתו |
My brothers went out to meet him, | |
|
יפי התור ויפי המראה |
Handsome of figure and handsome of appearance | |
|
הגבהים בקומתם |
They were tall of stature | |
| 10 |
היפים בשערם |
Handsome by their hair, |
|
לוא בחר יהוה אלוהים בם |
The Lord God did not choose them. | |
|
וישלח ויקחני מאחר הצואן |
But he sent and took me from behind the flock | |
| 11 |
וימשחני בשמן הקודש |
And annointed me with holy oil, |
|
וישימני נגיד לעמו |
And made me leader to his people | |
| 12 |
ומושל בבני בריתו |
And ruler over the sons of his covenant |
| 13 |
תחלת גב[ו]רה ה[דו]יד משמשחו נביא אלוהים |
At the beginning of [Dav]id’s p[ow]er after the prophet of God had annointed him |
|
אזי רא֯[י]תי פלשתי |
Then I s[a]w a Philistine | |
| 14 |
מחרף ממ[ערכות האיוב] |
Uttering defiances from the r[anks of the enemy]. |
|
אנוכי [ ] את |
I […] ’t […] |
I should note that while the translation is my own, the above reconstruction follows that by the scroll’s editor, James Sanders (which I do not entirely agree with, but I’ll discuss that in another post). The line numbers in the left-hand column are not precise; they reflect the line divisions of the editor. According to Sanders’s reconstruction, Psalm 151B begins in line 13.
In the actual scroll, the column is laid out as follows:
|
11Q5 Column 28 |
|
|
|
|
|
יהוה העומדים בבית יהוה בלילות שאו ידיכם קודש וברכו |
1 |
|
את שמ יהוה יברככה יהוה מציו[ן] עושה שמים וארץ |
2 |
|
vacat |
|
|
הללויה לדויד בן ישי קטן הייתי מןאחי וצעיר מבני אבי וישימני |
3 |
|
רועה לצונו ומושל בגדיותיו ידי עשו עוגב ואצבעותי כנור |
4 |
|
ואשימה ליהוה כבוד אמרתי אני בנפשי ההרים לוא יעדו |
5 |
|
לו והגבעות לוא יגידו עלו֯ העצים את דברי֯ והצואן את מעשי֯ |
6 |
|
כי מי יגדי ומי ידבר ומי יספר את מעשי֯ אדון הכול ראה אלוה |
7 |
|
הכול הוא שמע והוא האזין שלח נביאו למושחני את שמואל |
8 |
|
לגדלני יצאו אחי לקראתו יפי התור ויפי המראה הגבהים בקומתם |
9 |
|
היפים בשערם לוא בחר יהוה אלוהים בם וישלח ויקחני |
10 |
|
מאחר הצואן וימשחני בשמן הקודש וישימני נגיד לעמו ומושל בבני |
11 |
|
vacat בריתו |
12 |
|
תחלת גב[ו]רה ה[דו]יד משמשחו נביא אלוהים אזי רא֯[י]תי פלשתי |
13 |
|
מחרף ממ[ערכות האיוב] אנוכי [ ] את |
14 |
|
|
Here is an English translation:
| 11Q5 Ps 151A & B | |
| 1 | of the Lord, who stand in the house of the Lord by night. Lift your hands in the holy place and bless |
| 2 | the name of the Lord May the Lord, maker of heaven and earth, bless you from Zion. |
| blank space | |
| 3 | A Hallelujah of David son of Jesse. Smaller was I than my brothers And the youngest of the sons of my father |
| 4 | And he made me shepherd of his flock And ruler over his kids My hands made a (musical) instrument And my fingers a lyre |
| 5 | And I rendered glory to the Lord I said within myself The mountains do not witness |
| 6 | to him, Nor do the hills declare; The trees have cherished my words And the flock my works. |
| 7 | For who can declare and who can speak, And who can recount the works of the Lord? Everything has God seen, |
| 8 | Everything he has heard, and he has heeded. He sent his prophet to annoint me, Samuel, |
| 9 | to make me great My brothers went out to meet him, Handsome of figure and handsome of appearance They were tall of stature |
| 10 | Handsome by their hair, The Lord God did not choose them. And he sent and took me |
| 11 | from behind the flock And annointed me with holy oil, And made me leader to his people And ruler over the sons of |
| 12 | his covenant |
| 13 | At the beginning of [Dav]id’s p[ow]er after the prophet of God had annointed him Then I s[a]w a Philistine |
| 14 | Uttering defiances from the r[anks of the enemy]. I […] ’t […] |
As you can see, the actual scroll does not divide the Hebrew psalm into poetic lines, but takes up the width of the column with as much text as possible. (By the way, the top of the column [lines 1 and 2] consists of all but the first part of Psalm 134 [LXX Ps 133]).
Comparing Sanders’s line divisions with that of the actual scroll raises an issue common with any analysis of the Dead Sea Scrolls; the issue of editorial reconstruction. A number of aspects of Sanders’s reconstruction of Psalms 151A and B have been severely criticized by scholars — especially his reconstruction of lines 6-8. That being said, even a quick comparison of LXX Psalm 151 with this text from Qumran suggests some sort of literary relationship between the texts, though as I noted above, the precise nature of that relationship is debated.
Good Ol’Jimmy Bob West will have you in stitches with his caustic odd sarcastic humorous take on the forty-fourth Biblical Studies Carnival over at his stomping grounds, Jim West. The Zwinglian-turned-comedian has rounded up all of the carnival freaks and produced a Biblical Studies Carnival to remember (or forget?).
I should also mention that there is a brand spanking new Biblical Studies Carnival homepage at my recently renovated Codex site. And while I have the next couple Carnivals organized, I’m looking for hosts for the fall and winter, so please let me know if you are interested.
The next Carnival will be hosted by my former student and newbie blogger, Mike Kok (it sounds like Coke) at his blog, The Golden Rule.
Oh, yes, any and all malcontents should direct their complaints about the current carnival to its host — I only organize these things! (Good job Jimmy!)